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• Marubuci, Jasmin Fox-Skelly
• Sanya sunan wanda ya rubuta labari, BBC Future

Muna tunanin barkwanci a matsayin wani abu na ɗan'adam na musamman, amma wasu dabbobi kuma na iya amfani da shi don ƙarfafa hulɗarsu.

Lokacin da kuka yi tunanin abin da ya bambanta mu da sauran dabbobi, kyakkyawar ma'anar barkwanci mai yiwuwa tana da girma a cikin jerin.

Muna son yin dariya - har takan kai ga cewa muna yaba wasan barkwanci da ake yi.

Yara 'yan watanni uku sun kasance suna kyalkyali kuma su kan yi dariya lokacin da iyayensu suka murtuke fuskokinsu. Zuwa wata takwas, jarirai sun kai ga koyon yadda ake amfani da fuskokinsu, jikinsu da kuma muryoyinsu don sa manya dariya.

Jim kaɗan bayan haka, iyaye za su iya lura cewa ɗansu ya zama ɗan wasan barkwanci na cikakken lokaci, suna wasa da gangan da abubuwan da suka san bai kamata su yi murmushi a fuskarsu ba.

Sai dai, wani sabon bincike ya nuna cewa mutane na iya zama ba su kaɗai ne ke son wasan barkwanci ba. Dabbobi ma iya tsokanar junansu. Wani mai bincike a Jami'ar California a Los Angeles (UCLA), Isabelle Laumer, tare da abokan aiki, sun kalli fiye da sa'o'i 75 na bidiyoyin manyan birrai suna hulɗa da juna.

Manyan birrai sune danginmu na kusa, kuma duka suna zaune ne a gidajen namun daji, kuma an ɗauki hotunansu suna halartar al'amuransu na yau da kullum.

An lura duka dangogin huɗu suna wasa da dariya da juna. Masu binciken sun gano nau'o'in ba'a daban-daban guda 18, inda manyan birrai guda biyar suke ta ba'a da juna.

Wasu birrai su kan yi ta ɗaga sassan jikinsu ko abubuwa a gaban fuskokin ’yan uwansu, suna jan gashin juna.

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“Abin da muke gani sau da yawa shi ne, matashi ya kan lallaɓa bayan wani da ya shagaltu da gyaran wani biri, sai ya ci gaba da buga su a bayansa, wani lokacin ma ya kan ba su mamaki,” in ji Laumer, marubucin farko na binciken.

“Sai su jira su sa ido su ga irin martanin da za a mayar, yawanci wanda ake so yana yin watsi da su, don haka sai su dage da yin ba'a, suna mai da ɗabi’ar da wuya a yi watsi da ita."

Ba'ar ta yi kama da wanda yara ƙanana suke yi.

A cewar masu binciken, ba'ar ta kunshi tsokana, dagewa, abubuwan mamaki, wasa da kuma duba martanin wanda ake yi wa. Barkwancin ɗan adam na iya zama ɗaya da ta dabbobi.

"Masana kimiyya sun yi imanin cewa barkwanci ya fi yaɗuwa tsakanin dabbobi"

Wannan salon ba'a na iya zama tushen mafi rikitarwa na nau'ukan barkwanci.

Laumer ya ce "Barkwanci a cikin mutane yana buƙatar ƙwarewa ta musamman." "Kuna buƙatar ka'idar tunani (ikon tunanin duniya daga hangen nesa na wani), sanin ƙa'idodin zamantakewa, da kuma ikon tsinkayar martanin wasu," in ji shi.

Kamar yadda duk manyan nau'ukan birrai guda huɗu ke da ikon yin ba'a, yana nuna cewa jin daɗi na iya kasancewa a cikin kakanmu na ƙarshe, wanda ya rayu shekaru miliyan 13 da suka gabata.

Duk da haka, masana kimiyya da yawa sun yi imanin cewa barkwanci ya fi yaɗuwa a tsakanin dabbobi fiye da wannan. Misali, a cikin littafinsa mai suna The Descent of Man, masanin ilimin halitta, Charles Darwin ya nuna cewa karnuka na iya samun abin dariya, kamar yadda rubutunsa ya bayyana:

“Idan aka jefa sanda ko wani abu makamancin haka, sau da yawa ya kan ɗauke ta zuwa wuri mai nesa, sannan ya tsugunnawa da ita a kasa kusa da shi, sai ya jira har sai maigidansa ya kusa ɗaukarsa. Sannan kare zai kama shi ya gudu cikin nasara, yana maimaituwa iri ɗaya, kuma a bayyane yake yana jin daɗin wasa mai amfani."

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Duk wanda ya mallaki kare yana iya kuma lura cewa yayin wasa, suna fitar da wani irin sauti mai huci wanda kusan kamar dariya. A cikin binciken 2005, masaniyar halayyar dabbobi, Patricia Simonet ta kunna sautin ga karnuka a wurin wani aikin ceto. Ta gano cewa sauraron dariyar kare, ya sa karnukan da ke mafaka rage shiga damuwa.

Marc Bekoff, farfesan kimiyyar halittu a Jami'ar Colorado, Boulder, ya ce ya tattara bayanan shekaru da yawa da suka nuna karnuka suna yin ba'a irin wanda Laumer da abokan aikinta suka nuna.

Alal misali, lokacin ƙoƙarin samun kare don yin wasa, wani kare zai iya tuntuɓar wani kafin ya gudu.

"Na ga wannan a cikin karnuka, nau'in foxes, coyotes na daji da sauransu," in ji Bekoff.

A gaskiya ma, Bekoff ya ce a lokacin aikinsa ya ji labaru game da nau'o'in barkwanci ciki har da dawakai da baƙaƙen karnuka na Asiya da macaw.

Akwai ƙarin hujja da ke nuna cewa ɓeraye ma na jin ɗaɗin barkwanci

A halin yanzu, wasu masu bincike sun lura cewa kifin dolphins suna bayyana sautin farin ciki yayin da suke wasa, giwaye kuma suna yin ƙaho cikin farin ciki lokacin wasa. An san wasu tsuntsaye da yi wa sauran dabbobi ba'a don jin daɗi, alal misali ta hanyar kiran kare da kuma rikitashi.

Akwai ma shaidar cewa ɓeraye suna jin daɗin dariya. A cikin shekaru goma da suka wuce, Jeffrey Burgdorf, farfesa a Jami'ar Northwestern a Amurka, ya kasance yana tsinkayar ɓeraye don rayuwa.

Lokacin da ɓerayen suka yi kakkausar murya, sai su yi kururuwa cikin farin ciki cikin wata babbar hayaniya irin ta kyalkyali. Suna dawowa akai-akai, kuma har ma ana iya koya musu wasan ɓuya, a cewar aikin da wata ƙungiya ta daban ta yi a Jami'ar Humboldt ta Berlin.

Yanzu Burgdorf da tawagarsa suna amfani da bincikensu don samar da jinyar cutar damuwa.

Burgdorf ya ce "Abin da muke koyo shi ne, dabbobin sun fi mai da hankali lokacin da suke yin wannan furuci," in ji Burgdorf.

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Ina tsammanin dabbobi suna da barkwanci? Eh, ina tsammanin suna da shi, amma yana da wuya a tabbatar, "in ji Bekoff.

“Alal misali, na ci karo da gidaje waɗanda ke da karnuka biyu, inda a lokacin ciyarwa wani kare ya ruga zuwa kofar gida ya yi ihu, sai ɗayan kare ya gudu ya ga ko wane ne a wurin, sai karen farko ya gudu ya koma ya ci abincin da aka tanadar musu. Muna iya cewa hakan yana nuna barkwanci, amma kare na farko yana iya yiwuwa ya koyi cewa ta haka ne suke samun ƙarin abinci, "in ji Bekoff.

A cikin mutane, ana tunanin cewa dariya ta samo asali ne a matsayin hanyar taimakon ɗaiɗaikun mutane. Wace hanya ta fi kyau don yin abokai, maimakon yin ba'a?

Shin zai iya yiwuwa cewa barkwanci yana aiki iri ɗaya a cikin dabbobi?

"A cikin mutane, barkwanci na iya zama kamar kankara, kawar da shingen zamantakewa da karfafa dangantaka," in ji Laumer. "Ba mu sani ba ko iri ɗaya ne a cikin birrai ko wasu dabbobi, amma yana iya yiwuwa," in ji Laumer.