Parkinson’s disease
Parkinson’s disease is a progressive brain disorder that primarily affects the ability to control body movement and causes a variety of deterioration of function—named after Dr. James Parkinson, who originally described the disease almost 200 years ago.
Parkinson’s disease is a complicated disease that affects millions of people globally. It primarily affects older persons but can occur at any age, and it is a major cause of disabilities and death.
The increasing number of aging Nigerians has prioritized studies evaluating the epidemiology and causes of Parkinson disease (PD), the prevalence of which is estimated at 10 to 235/100,000 people.
CAUSES
The exact cause is unknown, but when it develops, brain cells that produce dopamine, a chemical that helps control movement, begin to degenerate and die. When the level of dopamine in the brain decreases significantly, it causes erratic brain activity, culminating in impaired ability to control movement and other symptoms.
Environmental Factors in Parkinson’s Disease: These substances include the insecticides rotenone and permethrin (which may be found in clothing or nets treated to kill mosquitoes, for example); organochlorines, such as beta-hexachlorocyclohexane; and the herbicides paraquat and 2,4- dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D).
SYMPTOMS
Parkinson’s disease symptoms vary from person to person; early symptoms are mild, often beginning on one side of the body and later involving both sides and progressively worsening over time.
Symptoms of Parkinson’s are of two categories:
MOTOR SYMPTOMS
NON-MOTOR SYMPTOMS
RISK FACTORS
The specific cause of Parkinson’s disease is unknown; however, it is believed to be a combination of genetic and environmental factors.
Genetics: Approximately 10-15% of Parkinson’s patients have a family member with the condition. Specific genes may enhance the risk.
Environmental Factors: Exposure to specific substances, such as pesticides, solvents, and air pollutants, may increase the risk.
Age: The risk of having Parkinson’s disease increases with age, particularly after 60.
Gender: Men are more prone than women to develop Parkinson’s disease.
Head Injuries: Severe previous head injuries may increase the risk.
DIAGNOSIS
Diagnosing Parkinson’s may be difficult because there is no specific test for Parkinson’s disease; healthcare professionals typically rely on a combination of medical history, symptoms, and physical exams to make a diagnosis.
Novel method: Researchers are studying a Parkinson’s test that can detect the disease before symptoms begin.
The test is called an alpha-synuclein seed amplification assay.
PREVENTION
There are no scientifically proven ways to prevent the disease; however, some research has shown that regular aerobic exercise might reduce the risk of Parkinson’s disease. Some studies also found that coffee, tea, and cola may be beneficial.
TREATMENT
While there is no cure for Parkinson’s disease, there are therapies available to help control symptoms and enhance quality of life. These include drugs, surgery, and lifestyle changes.
MEDICATIONS
Other medications: Amantadine can aid with symptoms, and anticholinergics can help with tremors—side effects of other drugs.
SURGERY
Surgery is often recommended in advanced Parkinson’s when medical treatment is no longer effective.
LIFESTYLE AND SUPPORTIVE THERAPY
Living with Parkinson’s disease can be difficult, but with the correct support and therapy, many people can continue to live productive lives. Here are some guidelines for living with Parkinson’s:
Stay Active: Regular exercise can help maintain muscle strength and enhance mood.
Seek Help: Joining support groups or speaking with other Parkinson’s patients can provide emotional and practical assistance.
Communicate: Keep in touch with your healthcare team and inform them of any changes in your symptoms or how you feel.
Stay Informed: Stay updated on the latest information about Parkinson’s disease so that you may make informed decisions about your treatment.