The highly pathogenic H5N1 bird flu virus has infected nearly 140 dairy herds across 12 states in America, resulting in three reported human cases this year, according to the CDC. The FDA recently announced efforts to increase testing of more dairy products in an attempt to curb the spread of the virus across dairy farms, according to reports from Reuters. The testing would sample 155 dairy products to ensure pasteurization inactivates the virus.

In addition, the state of Michigan will also start serological testing on farm workers for signs of prior infection of the virus.

Bolstering testing strategies is critical from a public health perspective for several reasons. Increased testing allows public health officials to detect and contain outbreaks early. The bird flu has killed millions of birds globally and is responsible for infecting millions of other animals as well. Early detection can prompt appropriate interventions such as imposing quarantine zones and restricting movement of birds and milk products to prevent the spread of the infection to new areas. These interventions are only possible by comprehensive and thorough testing of the bird flu virus.

In addition, testing ultimately will help prevent transmission of the virus among different populations, including humans. While the current public health risk to humans remains low, the virus could eventually mutate and cause sustained human to human spread, which could then potentially lead to a pandemic. Testing allows different bird flu strains to be identified and monitored. By understanding the genetic composition of potentially deadly strains, public health practitioners can implement appropriate strategies to protect high-risk individuals, as well as develop vaccines that would be pivotal in decreasing the transmission of the virus.

Robust testing allows for more clear and transparent messaging to the general public. Testing ensures the adequate tracking of the evolution of the virus as well as studying the characteristics of new and problematic strains that could potentially spread among humans. This information is vital in developing policy decisions that help mitigate the spread of the virus. In addition, the more information that is gathered from testing, the clearer messaging can be from health officials to educate the public on best practice policies to curb the spread of the virus. Without adequate testing, health authorities and media personnel would have scant information to deliver to the general public with respect to prevention strategies.

Finally, testing can prevent substantial economic loss when considering the poultry and dairy industries represent a significant part of the global economy. Bird flu outbreaks can lead to substantial economic loss if culling of infected flocks occurs as well as implementation of trade restrictions. This is precisely why some farmers may be hesitant to get tested themselves for bird flu out of fear of losing revenue. However, testing can actually reduce economic loss in the long-run through early intervention that can subsequently reduce the duration of outbreaks. Shorter scale of outbreaks also means a stable supply of poultry and dairy products which would prevent increases in prices from potential shortages.

Testing for the bird flu remains pivotal in both managing and mitigating the risks for humans. Although the FDA and the state of Michigan have taken positive strides in increasing testing, much more testing will be needed to fully understand the genetics, transmission and evolution of the bird flu virus. Testing represents the cornerstone of public health initiatives to curb disease and can be the difference between whether or not a future pandemic occurs.