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A ranar 18 ga watan Yunin 1805 Muhammad Ali ya zama gwamnan Masar bayan tawaye da jama'a da malamai suka yi wa gwamnan Usmaniyya Khurshid Pasha, Muhammad Ali shi ne ya kafa daular Alawiyya kuma mai mulkin Masar daga 1805 zuwa 1848, kuma an kwatanta shi a matsayin "wanda ya samar da ƙasar Masar ta yanzu."

Kundin Encyclopaedia ya ce an haifi Muhammad Ali a 1769 a Macedonia a lokacin daular Usmaniyya wadda yanzu ake kira da Girka,kuma ya rasu a ranar 2 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1849 a birnin Alexandria na kasar Masar, kuma shi ne mataimakin sarkin musulmi na Masar tsakanin 1805 da 1848 kuma shine wanda ya kafa gidan sarauta da ya mulki Masar daga farkon karni na 19 har zuwa tsakiyar karni na 20.

Mahaifinsa, Ibrahim Agha ɗan asalin Albaniya ne kuma shine kwamanda da wata ƙaramar rundunar soji wadda ke ƙarƙashin gwamnan Qula, kuma ɗan kasuwa ne tun yana ɗan shekara goma. Mahaifinsa ya rasu yana yaro, saboda haka ya tashi ne a hannun gwamnan Qula. Muhammad Ali ya auri wata yar uwar shugaban wadda ta haifa masa yara biyar cikin yaransa 95.

Muhammad Ali ya gaji Mahaifinsa a matsayin shugaban sojojin Qula kuma ya nuna jajircewa. A cewar shafin yanar gizo na fadar shugaban kasar Masar.

Hawa mulki

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Aikin soja ne ya zama tsanin shiga siyasar Muhammad Ali,kuma ya zo Masar ne a shekara ta 1799 a matsayin wani bangare na rundunar sojojin daular Usmaniyya domin fatattakar ƴan Faransa daga ƙasar. sai dai anyi nasara kansu lamarin da ya sanya suka koma ƙasarsu.

Sai dai ya sake komawa Masar a 1801 a matsayin shugaban wata rundunar dakarun daular usmaniyya 300 da suka je domin fatattakar sojojin Faransa daga ƙasar, bayan sun yi nasara an yi masa ƙarin girma zuwa Major Janar an kuma naɗa shi shugaban jami'an tsaron fadar gwamnan Masar.

Muhammad Ali ya smau nasarar haɗa kan sauran shugabannin ƙasar da malamai dalilin da ya sanya Sultan Selim III ya naɗa shi gwamnan Masar.

Ƙalubalen da ya fuskanta

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A cikin wani littafi da wani yaron sa kuma ɗaya daga cikin dakarunsa suka wallafa ya ce " A tsakiyar ƙarni na 19, Muhammad Ali ya fuskanci ƙalubale wajen tafiyar da mulkinsa,"

Ya fuskanci barazana daga sojojin Birtaniya da Mamluks da shugabannin yankuna da kuma jagororin yaƙi daag sassan Masar, lamarin da ya sanya ya dawo baya da iko da ina sai Cairo.

Babban ƙalubalen da za a iya cewa Muhammad Ali ya fuskanta shine lokacin da Sultan ya umarci gwamnan Thessaloniki da ya tafi Cairo domin maye gurbin Muihammad Ali, sai dai bai samu nasara ba saboda goyon bayan al'umma da Muhammad Ali ke da shi.

Birtaniya ta goyi bayan dakarun Mamluk saboda wani muradi nasu na samar da hanya daga Masar zuwa India. A shekara ta 1807 turawan ingila sun kai hari a Alexandria da Rashid, amma sojojin Pasha sun fatattake su.

Muhammad Ali ya gayyaci mayaƙan Mamluk zuwa wani gagarumin Fareti a 1811, sai dai a lokacin da suka halarci wurin sai sojojin Pasha suka bude masu wuta lamarin da ya haifar da kisan kiyashi wanda kuma shine ya kawo ƙarshen mayaƙan Mamluk a Masar.

Samar da Masar ta yanzu

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Babu inda a lokacin daular Usmaniyya aka sami damar sake fasalin al'umma gaba daya fiye da Masar. Mamaya na shekaru uku na Faransa (1798-1801) ya kawo cikas ga tsarin siyasa da tattalin arzikin kasar na asali, a cewar Encyclopaedia Britannica.

Muhammad Ali shine wanda ya akwo ƙarshen turawan Faransa da mayaƙan Mamluk, shine kuma ya yi wa wasu manyan malamai ritaya ta hanyar tsara komai a gwamnatance.

Shine wanda ya habbaka tsarin noman rani da noman auduga da kuma haɓɓaka tattalin arziƙin Masar.

Yana da gagarumin buri kan ayyukansa na samar da ababen more rayuwa , kuma babban nasarar da ya samu shi ne sake gina tsohon magudanar ruwa da ya hada Alexandria da Nile

A karkashin Pasha, jimlar tsawon magudanan ruwa a Masar ya ninka sau biyu, kuma tsakanin 1813 da 1830 yankin noma ya karu da kusan kashi 18 cikin dari.

Ƙoƙarin faɗaɗa mulkinsa

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Da farko Muhammad Ali ya goyi bayan Sarkin Daular Usmaniyya wajen murkushe kasashen Larabawa da Girka, sannan ya ci Sudan da yaki domin neman wadanda za su yi aiki da sojojinsa wajen kula da zinari na baitul mali.

A shekaru talatin na ƙarni 19, Muhammad Ali ya nuna ƙololuwar burinsa na faɗaɗa mulkinsa. Yaƙinsa na farko da Sarkin daular Usmaniyya shine a shekarar 1831 zuwa 1833 wanda ya bashi damar iko da Siriya da Arewacin Adana.

Ya ƙaddamar da mamayar Siriya a 1831, sai dai na ya ce ya yi hakan ne a ƙoƙarinsa na kama gungun wasu ƴan tawayen Masar 6,000.

Wata rundunar dakaru masu tsananin ƙarfi 30,000 ƙarƙashin jagorancin ɗan shi Ibrahim Pasha sun ƙwace iko da Acre wanda yanzu yake a Arewacin Isra'ila, bayan wata shida kuma sun ƙwace iko da sauran yankin siriya da yankin Anatolian wanda yanzu ake kira da Turkiyya , duk hakan ya faru ne a 1832.

Hakan ya sanya sarkin Turkiya ya garzaya wajen manyan ƙasashen Turai wanda ya kai ga samar da yarjejeniyar Kütahya a 1833, wadda ta tabbatar da Muhammad Ali a matsayin halastaccen shugaban Masar, ta kuma ba ɗan shi Ibrahim Pasha mulkin wani ɓngare na Siriya.

A shekaru 40 na ƙarni na 19, Muhammad Ali ya sauka daga muƙaminsa saboda rashin lafiya, inda a 1848 ya miƙa mulki ga ɗan shi Ibrahim wanda ya rasu bayan wani ɗan lokaci da hawa mulki, bayan shekara guda shima Muhammad Ali shima ya rasu.