Africa’s reputation as a destination for foreign direct investment (FDI) has often been unfavorable, characterized by images of civil unrest, poverty, diseases, and economic instability. While these conditions exist in some African nations, they do not represent the majority. Over the past few decades, Africa’s economic growth has been sluggish compared to other developing regions, with many countries experiencing stagnation or decline.

Despite efforts to attract investment, Africa has struggled to increase FDI inflows, remaining behind other regions. According to a report by UNCTAD on Foreign Direct Investment in Africa, while there has been some stabilization in FDI inflows since the mid-1990s, Africa has not fully recovered from the low levels experienced in the 1970s and 1980s. The continent’s share of total FDI inflows into developing countries has decreased significantly over the years.

However, there have been positive developments in Africa, including economic reforms aimed at enhancing the role of the private sector and improving macroeconomic stability. Many African countries have implemented measures to create a more favorable environment for investment, such as liberalizing regulations, providing incentives, and signing bilateral investment treaties.

The continent’s strategic significance as a market for natural resources, emerging consumer base, and geopolitical battleground has attracted attention from global powers seeking to expand their influence. The competition between traditional players like the United States, and the European Union, and rising powers like China, India, and Russia has significant implications for Africa’s FDI landscape.

Through extensive infrastructure investments, countries like China have become Africa’s largest trading partner and a major source of FDI. While Chinese investments have spurred economic development in sectors like infrastructure, energy, and manufacturing, concerns have been raised about debt sustainability, environmental degradation, and the impact on local industries.

In contrast, Western countries often tie their FDI to governance standards, human rights, and environmental sustainability. The proliferation of trade agreements and investment treaties has reshaped Africa’s FDI landscape by creating a conducive environment for cross-border investments. Regional integration initiatives like the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) aim to enhance intra-African trade and attract FDI by harmonizing trade regulations, reducing tariffs, and promoting economic cooperation.

Bilateral investment treaties provide legal protections and guarantees to foreign investors, mitigating political risks and enhancing investor confidence. However, the terms of these treaties vary widely, with some favoring investor rights over host country sovereignty. The renegotiation of BITs by African governments to rebalance investor-state relations reflects a growing awareness of the need to safeguard national interests while attracting FDI.

Contrary to common belief, FDI in Africa is not solely concentrated in the primary sector, with manufacturing and services also attracting significant investment. This diversification is evident in the changing patterns of FDI from major home countries, with a growing focus on non-traditional sectors such as manufacturing and services.

Despite these improvements, Africa continues to face challenges in attracting FDI. Efforts to promote investment and change the negative perception of Africa have been made, including the establishment of investment promotion agencies and participation in international investment agreements. Additionally, there has been a shift in FDI sources, with new investors from countries such as Canada, Italy, and South-East Asia showing interest in Africa.